RTokens

Introduction

Each asset supported by the Ram Protocol is integrated through a rToken contract, which is an EIP-20 compliant representation of balances supplied to the protocol. By minting rTokens, users (1) earn interest through the rToken's exchange rate, which increases in value relative to the underlying asset, and (2) gain the ability to use rTokens as collateral.

rTokens are the primary means of interacting with the Ram Protocol; when a user mints, redeems, borrows, repays a borrow, liquidates a borrow, or transfers rTokens, she will do so using the rToken contract.

There are currently two types of rTokens: RErc20 and REther. Though both types expose the EIP-20 interface, RErc20 wraps an underlying ERC-20 asset, while REther simply wraps ThunderToken itself. As such, the core functions which involve transferring an asset into the protocol have slightly different interfaces depending on the type, each of which is shown below.

Mint

The mint function transfers an asset into the protocol, which begins accumulating interest based on the current Supply Rate for the asset. The user receives a quantity of rTokens equal to the underlying tokens supplied, divided by the current Exchange Rate.

RErc20

function mint(uint mintAmount) returns (uint)

• msg.sender: The account which shall supply the asset, and own the minted rTokens.

• mintAmount: The amount of the asset to be supplied, in units of the underlying asset.

• RETURN: 0 on success, otherwise an Error code

Before supplying an asset, users must first approve the rToken to access their token balance.

REther

function mint() payable

• msg.valuepayable: The amount of ether to be supplied, in wei.

• msg.sender: The account which shall supply the ether, and own the minted rTokens.

• RETURN: No return, reverts on error.

Web3 1.0

await rToken.methods.mint().send({from: myAccount, value: 50});

Redeem

The redeem function converts a specified quantity of rTokens into the underlying asset, and returns them to the user. The amount of underlying tokens received is equal to the quantity of rTokens redeemed, multiplied by the current Exchange Rate. The amount redeemed must be less than the user's Account Liquidity and the market's available liquidity.

RErc20 / REther

function redeem(uint redeemTokens) returns (uint)

• msg.sender: The account to which redeemed funds shall be transferred.

• redeemTokens: The number of rTokens to be redeemed.

• RETURN: 0 on success, otherwise an Error code

Web3 1.0

rToken.methods.redeem(1).send({from: ...});

Redeem Underlying

The redeem underlying function converts rTokens into a specified quantity of the underlying asset, and returns them to the user. The amount of rTokens redeemed is equal to the quantity of underlying tokens received, divided by the current Exchange Rate. The amount redeemed must be less than the user's Account Liquidity and the market's available liquidity.

RErc20 / REther

function redeemUnderlying(uint redeemAmount) returns (uint)

• msg.sender: The account to which redeemed funds shall be transferred.

• redeemAmount: The amount of underlying to be redeemed.

• RETURN: 0 on success, otherwise an Error code

Web3 1.0

rToken.methods.redeemUnderlying(10).send({from: ...});

Borrow

The borrow function transfers an asset from the protocol to the user, and creates a borrow balance which begins accumulating interest based on the Borrow Rate for the asset. The amount borrowed must be less than the user's Account Liquidity and the market's available liquidity.

To borrow ThunderToken, the borrower must be 'payable' (solidity).

RErc20 / REther

function borrow(uint borrowAmount) returns (uint)

• msg.sender: The account to which borrowed funds shall be transferred.

• borrowAmount : The amount of the underlying asset to be borrowed.

• RETURN: 0 on success, otherwise an Error code

Web3 1.0

await rToken.methods.borrow(50).send({from: '0x0000...'});

Repay Borrow

The repay function transfers an asset into the protocol, reducing the user's borrow balance.

RErc20

function repayBorrow(uint repayAmount) returns (uint)

• msg.sender: The account which borrowed the asset, and shall repay the borrow.

• repayAmount: The amount of the underlying borrowed asset to be repaid. A value of -1 (i.e. 2 ^ 256 - 1) can be used to repay the full amount.

• RETURN: 0 on success, otherwise an Error code

Before repaying an asset, users must first approve the rToken to access their token balance.

REther

function repayBorrow() payable

• msg.valuepayable: The amount of ether to be repaid, in wei.

• msg.sender: The account which borrowed the asset, and shall repay the borrow.

• RETURN: No return, reverts on error.

Web3 1.0

rToken.methods.repayBorrow(10000).send({from: ...});

Repay Borrow Behalf

The repay function transfers an asset into the protocol, reducing the target user's borrow balance.

RErc20

function repayBorrowBehalf(address borrower, uint repayAmount) returns (uint)

• msg.sender: The account which shall repay the borrow.

• borrower: The account which borrowed the asset to be repaid.

• repayAmount: The amount of the underlying borrowed asset to be repaid. A value of -1 (i.e. 2 ^ 256 - 1) can be used to repay the full amount.

• RETURN: 0 on success, otherwise an Error code

Before repaying an asset, users must first approve the rToken to access their token balance.

REther

function repayBorrowBehalf(address borrower) payable

• msg.valuepayable: The amount of ether to be repaid, in wei.

• msg.sender: The account which shall repay the borrow.

• borrower: The account which borrowed the asset to be repaid.

• RETURN: No return, reverts on error.

Web3 1.0

await rToken.methods.repayBorrowBehalf(0xBorrower, 10000).send({from: 0xPayer});

Transfer

Transfer is an ERC-20 method that allows accounts to send tokens to other ThunderCore addresses. A rToken transfer will fail if the account has entered that rToken market and the transfer would have put the account into a state of negative liquidity.

RErc20 / REther

function transfer(address recipient, uint256 amount) returns (bool)

• recipient: The transfer recipient address.

• amount: The amount of rTokens to transfer.

• RETURN: Returns a boolean value indicating whether or not the operation succeeded.

Web3 1.0

await rToken.methods.transfer(0xABCD..., 100000000000).send({from: 0xSender});

Liquidate Borrow

A user who has negative account liquidity is subject to liquidation by other users of the protocol to return his/her account liquidity back to positive (i.e. above the collateral requirement). When a liquidation occurs, a liquidator may repay some or all of an outstanding borrow on behalf of a borrower and in return receive a discounted amount of collateral held by the borrower; this discount is defined as the liquidation incentive.

A liquidator may close up to a certain fixed percentage (i.e. close factor) of any individual outstanding borrow of the underwater account. Liquidators must interact with each rToken contract in which they wish to repay a borrow and seize another asset as collateral. When collateral is seized, the liquidator is transferred rTokens, which they may redeem the same as if they had supplied the asset themselves. Users must approve each rToken contract before calling liquidate (i.e. on the borrowed asset which they are repaying), as they are transferring funds into the contract.

RErc20

function liquidateBorrow(address borrower, uint amount, address collateral) returns (uint)

• msg.sender: The account which shall liquidate the borrower by repaying their debt and seizing their collateral.

• borrower: The account with negative account liquidity that shall be liquidated.
• repayAmount: The amount of the borrowed asset to be repaid and converted into collateral, specified in units of the underlying borrowed asset.

• rTokenCollateral: The address of the rToken currently held as collateral by a borrower, that the liquidator shall seize.

• RETURN: 0 on success, otherwise an Error code

Before supplying an asset, users must first approve the rToken to access their token balance.

REther

function liquidateBorrow(address borrower, address rTokenCollateral) payable

• msg.valuepayable: The amount of ether to be repaid and converted into collateral, in wei.

• msg.sender: The account which shall liquidate the borrower by repaying their debt and seizing their collateral.

• borrower: The account with negative account liquidity that shall be liquidated.
• rTokenCollateral: The address of the rToken currently held as collateral by a borrower, that the liquidator shall seize.

• RETURN: No return, reverts on error.

Web3 1.0

await rToken.methods.liquidateBorrow(0xBorrower, 33, rTokenCollateral).send({from: 0xLiquidator});

Key Events

Event	Description
Mint(address minter, uint mintAmount, uint mintTokens)	Emitted upon a successful Mint.
Redeem(address redeemer, uint redeemAmount, uint redeemTokens)	Emitted upon a successful Redeem.
Borrow(address borrower, uint borrowAmount, uint accountBorrows, uint totalBorrows)	Emitted upon a successful Borrow.
RepayBorrow(address payer, address borrower, uint repayAmount, uint accountBorrows, uint totalBorrows)	Emitted upon a successful Repay Borrow.
LiquidateBorrow(address liquidator, address borrower, uint repayAmount, address rTokenCollateral, uint seizeTokens)	Emitted upon a successful Liquidate Borrow.

Error Codes

Code	Name	Description
0	NO_ERROR	Not a failure.
1	UNAUTHORIZED	The sender is not authorized to perform this action.
2	BAD_INPUT	An invalid argument was supplied by the caller.
3	CONTROLLER_REJECTION	The action would violate the controller policy.
4	CONTROLLER_CALCULATION_ERROR	An internal calculation has failed in the controller.
5	INTEREST_RATE_MODEL_ERROR	The interest rate model returned an invalid value.
6	INVALID_ACCOUNT_PAIR	The specified combination of accounts is invalid.
7	INVALID_CLOSE_AMOUNT_REQUESTED	The amount to liquidate is invalid.
8	INVALID_COLLATERAL_FACTOR	The collateral factor is invalid.
9	MATH_ERROR	A math calculation error occurred.
10	MARKET_NOT_FRESH	Interest has not been properly accrued.
11	MARKET_NOT_LISTED	The market is not currently listed by its controller.
12	TOKEN_INSUFFICIENT_ALLOWANCE	ERC-20 contract must allow Money Market contract to call transferFrom. The current allowance is either 0 or less than the requested supply, repayBorrow or liquidate amount.
13	TOKEN_INSUFFICIENT_BALANCE	Caller does not have sufficient balance in the ERC-20 contract to conlete the desired action.
14	TOKEN_INSUFFICIENT_CASH	The market does not have a sufficient cash balance to conlete the transaction. You may attempt this transaction again later.
15	TOKEN_TRANSFER_IN_FAILED	Failure in ERC-20 when transfering token into the market.
16	TOKEN_TRANSFER_OUT_FAILED	Failure in ERC-20 when transfering token out of the market.

Failure Info

Code	Name
0	ACCEPT_ADMIN_PENDING_ADMIN_CHECK
1	ACCRUE_INTEREST_ACCUMULATED_INTEREST_CALCULATION_FAILED
2	ACCRUE_INTEREST_BORROW_RATE_CALCULATION_FAILED
3	ACCRUE_INTEREST_NEW_BORROW_INDEX_CALCULATION_FAILED
4	ACCRUE_INTEREST_NEW_TOTAL_BORROWS_CALCULATION_FAILED
5	ACCRUE_INTEREST_NEW_TOTAL_RESERVES_CALCULATION_FAILED
6	ACCRUE_INTEREST_SIMPLE_INTEREST_FACTOR_CALCULATION_FAILED
7	BORROW_ACCUMULATED_BALANCE_CALCULATION_FAILED
8	BORROW_ACCRUE_INTEREST_FAILED
9	BORROW_CASH_NOT_AVAILABLE
10	BORROW_FRESHNESS_CHECK
11	BORROW_NEW_TOTAL_BALANCE_CALCULATION_FAILED
12	BORROW_NEW_ACCOUNT_BORROW_BALANCE_CALCULATION_FAILED
13	BORROW_MARKET_NOT_LISTED
14	BORROW_CONTROLLER_REJECTION
15	LIQUIDATE_ACCRUE_BORROW_INTEREST_FAILED
16	LIQUIDATE_ACCRUE_COLLATERAL_INTEREST_FAILED
17	LIQUIDATE_COLLATERAL_FRESHNESS_CHECK
18	LIQUIDATE_CONTROLLER_REJECTION
19	LIQUIDATE_CONTROLLER_CALCULATE_AMOUNT_SEIZE_FAILED
20	LIQUIDATE_CLOSE_AMOUNT_IS_UINT_MAX
21	LIQUIDATE_CLOSE_AMOUNT_IS_ZERO
22	LIQUIDATE_FRESHNESS_CHECK
23	LIQUIDATE_LIQUIDATOR_IS_BORROWER
24	LIQUIDATE_REPAY_BORROW_FRESH_FAILED
25	LIQUIDATE_SEIZE_BALANCE_INCREMENT_FAILED
26	LIQUIDATE_SEIZE_BALANCE_DECREMENT_FAILED
27	LIQUIDATE_SEIZE_CONTROLLER_REJECTION
28	LIQUIDATE_SEIZE_LIQUIDATOR_IS_BORROWER
29	LIQUIDATE_SEIZE_TOO_MUCH
30	MINT_ACCRUE_INTEREST_FAILED
31	MINT_CONTROLLER_REJECTION
32	MINT_EXCHANGE_CALCULATION_FAILED
33	MINT_EXCHANGE_RATE_READ_FAILED
34	MINT_FRESHNESS_CHECK
35	MINT_NEW_ACCOUNT_BALANCE_CALCULATION_FAILED
36	MINT_NEW_TOTAL_SUPPLY_CALCULATION_FAILED
37	MINT_TRANSFER_IN_FAILED
38	MINT_TRANSFER_IN_NOT_POSSIBLE
39	REDEEM_ACCRUE_INTEREST_FAILED
40	REDEEM_CONTROLLER_REJECTION
41	REDEEM_EXCHANGE_TOKENS_CALCULATION_FAILED
42	REDEEM_EXCHANGE_AMOUNT_CALCULATION_FAILED
43	REDEEM_EXCHANGE_RATE_READ_FAILED
44	REDEEM_FRESHNESS_CHECK
45	REDEEM_NEW_ACCOUNT_BALANCE_CALCULATION_FAILED
46	REDEEM_NEW_TOTAL_SUPPLY_CALCULATION_FAILED
47	REDEEM_TRANSFER_OUT_NOT_POSSIBLE
48	REDUCE_RESERVES_ACCRUE_INTEREST_FAILED
49	REDUCE_RESERVES_ADMIN_CHECK
50	REDUCE_RESERVES_CASH_NOT_AVAILABLE
51	REDUCE_RESERVES_FRESH_CHECK
52	REDUCE_RESERVES_VALIDATION
53	REPAY_BEHALF_ACCRUE_INTEREST_FAILED
54	REPAY_BORROW_ACCRUE_INTEREST_FAILED
55	REPAY_BORROW_ACCUMULATED_BALANCE_CALCULATION_FAILED
56	REPAY_BORROW_CONTROLLER_REJECTION
57	REPAY_BORROW_FRESHNESS_CHECK
58	REPAY_BORROW_NEW_ACCOUNT_BORROW_BALANCE_CALCULATION_FAILED
59	REPAY_BORROW_NEW_TOTAL_BALANCE_CALCULATION_FAILED
60	REPAY_BORROW_TRANSFER_IN_NOT_POSSIBLE
61	SET_COLLATERAL_FACTOR_OWNER_CHECK
62	SET_COLLATERAL_FACTOR_VALIDATION
63	SET_CONTROLLER_OWNER_CHECK
64	SET_INTEREST_RATE_MODEL_ACCRUE_INTEREST_FAILED
65	SET_INTEREST_RATE_MODEL_FRESH_CHECK
66	SET_INTEREST_RATE_MODEL_OWNER_CHECK
67	SET_MAX_ASSETS_OWNER_CHECK
68	SET_ORACLE_MARKET_NOT_LISTED
69	SET_PENDING_ADMIN_OWNER_CHECK
70	SET_RESERVE_FACTOR_ACCRUE_INTEREST_FAILED
71	SET_RESERVE_FACTOR_ADMIN_CHECK
72	SET_RESERVE_FACTOR_FRESH_CHECK
73	SET_RESERVE_FACTOR_BOUNDS_CHECK
74	TRANSFER_CONTROLLER_REJECTION
75	TRANSFER_NOT_ALLOWED
76	TRANSFER_NOT_ENOUGH
77	TRANSFER_TOO_MUCH

Exchange Rate

Each rToken is convertible into an ever increasing quantity of the underlying asset, as interest accrues in the market. The exchange rate between a rToken and the underlying asset is equal to:

exchangeRate = (getCash() + totalBorrows() - totalReserves()) / totalSupply()

RErc20 / REther

function exchangeRateCurrent() returns (uint)

• RETURN: The current exchange rate as an unsigned integer, scaled by 1 * 10^(18 - 8 + Underlying Token Decimals).

Web3 1.0

const exchangeRate = (await rToken.methods.exchangeRateCurrent().call()) / 1e18;

Tip: note the use of call vs. send to invoke the function from off-chain without incurring gas costs.

Get Cash

Cash is the amount of underlying balance owned by this rToken contract. One may query the total amount of cash currently available to this market.

RErc20 / REther

function getCash() returns (uint)

• RETURN: The quantity of underlying asset owned by the contract.

Web3 1.0

const cash = (await rToken.methods.getCash().call());

Total Borrow

Total Borrows is the amount of underlying currently loaned out by the market, and the amount upon which interest is accumulated to suppliers of the market.

RErc20 / REther

function totalBorrowsCurrent() returns (uint)

• RETURN: The total amount of borrowed underlying, with interest.

Web3 1.0

const borrows = (await rToken.methods.totalBorrowsCurrent().call());

Borrow Balance

A user who borrows assets from the protocol is subject to accumulated interest based on the current borrow rate. Interest is accumulated every block and integrations may use this function to obtain the current value of a user's borrow balance with interest.

RErc20 / REther

function borrowBalanceCurrent(address account) returns (uint)

• account: The account which borrowed the assets.

• RETURN: The user's current borrow balance (with interest) in units of the underlying asset.

Web3 1.0

const borrows = await rToken.methods.borrowBalanceCurrent(account).call();

Borrow Rate

At any point in time one may query the contract to get the current borrow rate per block.

RErc20 / REther

function borrowRatePerBlock() returns (uint)

• RETURN: The current borrow rate as an unsigned integer, scaled by 1e18.

Web3 1.0

const borrowRate = (await rToken.methods.borrowRatePerBlock().call()) / 1e18;

Total Supply

Total Supply is the number of tokens currently in circulation in this rToken market. It is part of the EIP-20 interface of the rToken contract.

RErc20 / REther

function totalSupply() returns (uint)

• RETURN: The total number of tokens in circulation for the market.

Web3 1.0

const tokens = (await rToken.methods.totalSupply().call());

Underlying Balance

The user's underlying balance, representing their assets in the protocol, is equal to the user's rToken balance multiplied by the Exchange Rate.

RErc20 / REther

function balanceOfUnderlying(address account) returns (uint)

• account: The account to get the underlying balance of.

• RETURN: The amount of underlying currently owned by the account.

Web3 1.0

cconst tokens = await rToken.methods.balanceOfUnderlying(account).call();

Supply Rate

At any point in time one may query the contract to get the current supply rate per block. The supply rate is derived from the borrow rate, reserve factor and the amount of total borrows.

RErc20 / REther

function supplyRatePerBlock() returns (uint)

• RETURN: The current supply rate as an unsigned integer, scaled by 1e18.

Web3 1.0

const supplyRate = (await rToken.methods.supplyRatePerBlock().call()) / 1e18;

Total Reserves

Reserves are an accounting entry in each rToken contract that represents a portion of historical interest set aside as cash which can be withdrawn or transferred through the protocol's governance. A small portion of borrower interest accrues into the protocol, determined by the reserve factor.

RErc20 / REther

function totalReserves() returns (uint)

• RETURN: The total amount of reserves held in the market.

Web3 1.0

const reserves = (await rToken.methods.totalReserves().call());

Reserve Factor

The reserve factor defines the portion of borrower interest that is converted into reserves.

RErc20 / REther

function reserveFactorMantissa() returns (uint)

• RETURN: The current reserve factor as an unsigned integer, scaled by 1e18.

Web3 1.0

const reserveFactor = (await rToken.methods.reserveFactorMantissa().call()) / 1e18;